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Friday, January 11, 2008
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   Friday, January 11, 2008

Do you know how your telephone works?
Have you ever thought of it? How does your telephone work? We use phones of varying sorts every day to call friends, business colleagues and relatives. We call locally and long distance, yes even to the other side of the world. It is truly amazing how far communications have developed.
Back in the 1800's there was just a telegraph where messages were sent as a simple code. At that time reproducing �voice' was unheard of. However, by 1871 Antonio Meucci was on the track of reproducing �voice' and filed a patent caveat in the US patent office describing it as �communication of voice between two people by wire'. However, he is not a man of money and in the end he lets the patent caveat lapse. In the several years following there is a rush to invent a good system of being able to transmit the human voice over wire. Bell, Gray, and finally Edison were in a �fight to the finish' to patent a method that was both practical and reliable. It was one thing to produce a click or buzz down a wire but the human voice is a huge step forward back then. Eventually it was Bell and Edison that won out, but not after many lawsuits had been fought.
So just what was it they had to do? They had to invent a way to transmit from one transmitter to a receiver a sound that was the same as the human voice. Just how was it done? How was a human voice to be transmitted with all its varying qualities such as loudness, tone, pitch etc.
To get right down to understanding the real difficulties let's look at the sensation of sound. The sound sensation we hear is produced because of fluctuations in the pressure of the atmosphere that enter our ear. The delicate inner ear mechanisms vibrate and produces the sound sensation that we call hearing. Now if the fluctuations are very irregular and none periodic we would probably be putting our hands over our ears and considering it a noise. If the pressure fluctuations are regular and say � cyclic we would be hearing what we term as music. Music is complex being made up of pitch, quality and loudness. Regarding pitch, this depends on the number of cycles passed through by the fluctuations of the pressure in a given time. Loudness would depend on the amount or amplitude of the fluctuation in each cycle. Quality depends on the nature or form of the fluctuation in each cycle. Does this sound daunting? Well it did to those who had to find a way to reproduce all this with an electric current from one end of a wire to another and then convert it back again! So any telephone system has to do all this, reproducing all these characteristics.
So we come back to our original question. How does your telephone work? So let us take a simple land line telephone as an example to use.
Your telephone basically has to do two things using 2 wires, transmit signals and your voice. The signal is the ring tone you get. It used to be a bell that alerts you to an incoming call. Then there is a dial (now a digital push button) that is used to enter the phone number of the person you wish to speak to. When you lift the handset you activate a switch which puts the phone in what is termed 'active mode'. This is done by creating a resistance short across the wires so that a current can flow along the telephone wires. Once this is done the telephone exchange detects the DC current, connects a digit receiver and sends to you a dial tone which indicates it is ready for you to dial or push the number buttons. These buttons are connected to a tone generator in your phone and generates DTMF tones. Now the exchange will know who you desire to be connected to. Whilst your phone is inactive with the handset replaced, its bell or other alerting device is connected across the line through a capacitor. Because this does not short the line the telephone exchange knows that your telephone is not being used and 'on hook'. This also means that only the bell is connected electrically, so when someone calls your number the exchange sends a high voltage pulsating signal that causes the phone to ring. When you pick up the handset the switch disconnects the bell then connects the voice parts of your phone putting the resistance short on the line as described previously. This now confirms to the exchange that the phone has been answered. Now that both phones have their handsets of the cradle this is the signaling job done. You can now talk to your friend using the voice parts of your phone. The voice parts are in the handset and consist of a transmitter (microphone) and a receiver. Powered by the line the transmitter puts out an electric current which varies in response to the acoustic pressure waves as produced from your voice. This causes variations of the electric current transmitted along the telephone line to the other phone. Once these hit the other phone they cause the coil in the receiver to move back and forth, this reproducing the same acoustic pressure waves as the transmitter received from your voice. So your friend now hears what you said like you were stood next to them. This applies vice versa to you, so you have your conversation. Once you have finished the conversation, when you replace the handset the DC current ceases to flow and the exchange detects this so disconnects the callers.
The greatest difficulty to those early pioneers of telephone was the development of the transmitter and the receiver. It is so easy to take these for granted.
Well if the above has had your head spinning then I ask you to think about those early pioneers of the telephone. They had to work out how to make the transmitter and receiver to vary the electric current in a perfect way so as to transmit voice. They were the �brains' of their day and we owe them a lot.
Nowadays, we have a huge raft of new technology allowing conversation worldwide effortlessly (so it may seem) but always think of those guys out there somewhere who are making it just that � effortlessly easy!

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If you wish to read more interesting articles by Michael Moore go here: http://winterwarmer.got4blog.com/
http://www.global1touchworld.info/gtw.htm http://www.global1touch.com/world


History of Greek Sorority
The first sorority began at Wesleyan Female College in the mid 1800s as a secret society for women. It was known as the Adelphean Society. A few years later another society was created on the same campus and a rivalry began. These were not called sororities at the time, but they would evolve into this name later. In fact, it was considered a fraternity before a sorority but the word “fraternity” did not fit with an all female organization and that is how the word sorority came about. The first Greek sorority was named Pi Beta Phi in 1867. Then in the 1870s the idea of rushing became popular. However, the original rushing was significantly different than today’s rushing. Then, fraternity representatives ran to the train station to see the new men visiting the college and those who looked right for their fraternity were pinned with ribbons matching the fraternity’s color. Other fraternities could not pin them after they had already been pinned. In 1872 Kappa Alpha Theta was founded and it is believed to be the first official sorority for women although Gamma Phi Beta was named a “sorority” in 1882. A Greek adviser came up with the word sorority because it was more fitting for women.
And, that’s how sororities got started. They still exist today and there are many houses on every college campus across the nation. It’s very popular for young women to rush certain houses and even more popular for daughters of previous sorority members to rush the same house. These members are considered legacies and will be admitted regardless despite having to go through the humility of rush. Today, rush is kind of like a game of truth or dare. Pledges have to do all kinds of different things in order to be accepted into the sorority as well as practically be a slave to the older sisters. But, once a member the pledges are fully fledged sisters and part of the sorority. At this point they may wear their Greek clothing that is so popular. In fact, there is sorority clothing made specifically for sororities. And, there is fraternity clothing designed specifically for the fraternities.
Sororities and fraternities are very popular today on college campuses because they allow new students a place to belong. Sisters and brothers are very close and the houses hold functions, have parties, and involve themselves in volunteer and charitable activities.


Back To Study With An Online Degree Program
Since you started your career after graduation from college, you are working hard to build your career to a success level. World is changing every moment and technology change every second, more and more students are out from colleges to compete the same career opportunities with yours. Hence, you need to continue upgrade yourself to be competence enough to face the challenges. Your busy career schedule won't allow you to go back to traditional school to gain the latest knowledge to support in your career moves. Fortunately, online degree program makes it possible for you to achieve your education goal while continue your movement in your career path.
Online degree programs have been designed to fit the busy schedule of working individual to earn a degree at the most comfort home environment and in the most flexible schedule. While many traditional "brick & mortar" universities had made their degree programs available online, more and more prestige online universities that are accredited by accreditation agencies recognized by U.S Department of Education offer various degrees that cover degree level from online associates degree to bachelor, master and doctorate degree and topic from business, computer, engineering, health care & etc. You should able to find one that meets your career requirement.
Advantages of Taking Your Education Online
The key factors that make online degree programs become popular and most accepted by many working individual who are seeking to continue their education either for career advancement or job promotion includes:
1. Freedom to Learn From Your Comfort Environment
You do not need to drive all the way to university to attend the classes. Turn on your computer/laptop and modem that connect you to the university online learning system, you can start your learning right away. Hence, you can choose to enroll into any online degree program offer by your favorite school without the need to consider where the university is located.
2. Reduced Material Costs & Easy Access To Learning Material
One of the e-learning advantages is most of textbook and learning materials are in electronic format and online library is just a finger click away. This will reduced your expenses for book, computer software and other material costs. And as an online student to a university, you can access the university online library from your computer, allows you to have easy access to the learning resources you need.
3. Flexible Learning Environment
Many online courses are self-paced and you can arrange your learning schedule to fit into your working hours. You can always choose to speed up if you have more free time and slow down your learning process if you are busy with your work. You make the call to complete your degree in the duration that fit into your time schedule.
4. Save Money & Time
Time is so important because you need it to build your career to a success level and online degree program allow you to save not just money but also the most valuable time. It saves your time by cutting out commuting, parking, traveling time and saves your money in term of transportation costs, meal and childcare and more.
In Summary
Online degree programs have created a different learning environment where you can gain new knowledge and equip yourself with the required skills that can help in your career move without the need to give up your job.
Amelia Turner is the author from http://www.your-online-degree.info Visit her website if you want more FREE and detailed information on choosing the right Online Degree Programs and accredited online colleges and other online education information.